THE ANCIENT
LIFE-HISTORY
OF THE EARTH
Appendix
TABULAR VIEW OF THE CHIEF DIVISIONS OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
(Extinct groups are marked with an asterisk. Groups not represented at all as fossils are marked with two asterisks.)
INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS.
SUB-KINGDOM I.—PROTOZOA.
Animal simple or compound; body composed of "sarcode," not definitely
segmented; no nervous system; and no digestive apparatus, beyond
occasionally a mouth and gullet.
| CLASS I. | GREGARINIDÆ.** |
| CLASS II. | RHIZOPODA. |
| |
| Order |
1. Monera.** |
| " |
2. Amœbea.** |
| " |
3. Foraminifera. |
| " |
4. Radiolaria (Polycystines, &c.) |
| " |
5. Spongida (Sponges). |
|
| CLASS III. | INFUSORIA.** |
SUB-KINGDOM II.—CŒLENTERATA.
Animal simple or compound; body-wall composed of two principal
layers; digestive canal freely communicating with the general
cavity of the body; no circulating organs, and no nervous system
or a rudimentary one; mouth surrounded by tentacles, arranged,
like the internal organs, in a "radiate" or star-like manner.
| CLASS I. | HYDROZOA. |
| |
| Sub-class |
1. Hydroida ("Hydroid Zoophytes"). Ex.
Fresh-water Polypes,** Pipe-corallines (Tubularia),
Sea-Firs (Sertularia). |
| Sub-class |
2. Siphonophora** ("Oceanic Hydrozoa").
Ex. Portuguese Man-of-war (Physalia). |
|
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Sub-class |
3. Discophora ("Jelly-fishes"). Only known as
fossils by impressions of their stranded carcasses. |
| Sub-class |
4. Lucernarida ("Sea-blubbers"). Also only known as
fossils by impressions left in fine-grained strata. |
| Sub-class |
5. Graptolitidœ* ("Graptolites"). |
|
| CLASS II. | ACTINOZOA. |
| |
| Order |
1. Zoantharia. Ex. Sea-anemones**
(Actinidœ), Star-corals
(Astrœidœ). |
| Order |
2. Alcyonaria. Ex. Sea-pens
(Pennatula), Organ-pipe Coral (Tubipora),
Red Coral (Corallium). |
| Order |
3. Rugosa ("Rugose Corals"). |
| " |
4. Ctenophora.** Ex. Venus's Girdle
(Cestum). |
|
SUB-KINGDOM III.—ANNULOIDA.
Animals in which the digestive canal is completely shut off from
the cavity of the body; a distinct nervous system; a system of
branched "water-vessels," which usually communicate with the
exterior. Body of the adult often "radiate," and never composed
of a succession of definite rings.
| CLASS I. | ECHINODERMATA. |
| |
| Order |
1. Crinoidea ("Sea-lilies"). Ex.
Feather-star (Comatula), Stone-lily
(Encrinus*). |
| Order |
2. Blastoidea* ("Pentremites"). |
| " |
3. Cystoidea* ("Globe-lilies"). |
| " |
4. Ophiuroidea ("Brittle-stars").
Ex. |
| " |
Sand-stars (Ophiura), Brittle-stars
(Ophiocoma). |
| Order |
5. Asteroidea ("Star-fishes"). Ex. Cross-fish
(Uraster), Sun-star (Solaster). |
| Order |
6. Echinoidea ("Sea-urchins"). Ex. Sea-eggs
(Echinus), Heart-urchins (Spatangus). |
| Order |
7. Holothuroidea ("Sea-cucumbers"). Ex.
Trepangs (Holothuria). |
|
| CLASS II. | SCOLECIDA** (Intestinal Worms, Wheel
Animalcules, &c.) |
SUB-KINGDOM IV.—ANNULOSA.
Animal composed of numerous definite segments placed one behind
the other; nervous system forming a knotted cord placed along
the lower (ventral) surface of the body.
Division A. Anarthropoda. No jointed limbs.
| CLASS I. | GEPHYREA** ("Spoon-worms"). |
| CLASS II. | ANNELIDA. ("Ringed-worms"). |
| |
Ex. Leeches** (Hirudinea), Earthworms**
(Oligochœta), Tube-worms (Tubicola),
Sea-worms and Sea-centipedes (Errantia). |
| CLASS III. | CHÆTOGNATHA**
("Arrow-worms"). |
Division B. Arthropoda or Articulata. Limbs jointed to
the body.
| CLASS I. | CRUSTACEA ("Crustaceans"). |
| |
Ex. Barnacles and Acorn-shells (Cirripedia),
Water-fleas (Ostracoda), Brine-shrimps and Fairy-shrimps
(Phyllopoda), Trilobites* (Trilobita), King-crabs
and Eurypterids* (Merostomata), Wood-lice and Slaters
(Isopoda), Sand-hoppers (Amphipoda), Lobsters,
Shrimps, Hermit-crabs, and Crabs (Decapoda). |
| CLASS II. |
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ARACHNIDA. |
| |
Ex. Mites (Acarina), Scorpions
(Pedipalpi), Spiders (Araneida). |
| CLASS III. | MYRIAPODA. |
| |
Ex. Centipedes (Chilopoda), Millipedes and
Galley-worms (Chilignatha). |
| CLASS IV. | INSECTA ("Insects"). |
| |
Ex. Field-bugs (Hemiptera); Crickets,
Grasshoppers, &c. (Orthoptera); Dragon-flies and
May-flies (Neuroptera); Goats and House-flies
(Diptera); Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera);
Bees, Wasps, and Ants (Hymenoptera); Beetles
(Coleoptera). |
SUB-KINGDOM V.—MOLLUSCA.
Animal soft-bodied, generally with a hard covering or shell; no
distinct segmentation of the body; nervous system of scattered
masses.
| CLASS I. | POLYZOA ("Sea-Mosses"). |
| |
Ex. Sea-mats (Flustra), Lace-corals
(Fenestellidœ*). |
| CLASS II. | TUNICATA** ("Tunicaries"). |
| |
Ex. Sea-squirts (Ascidia). |
| CLASS III. | BRACHIOPODA ("Lamp-shells"). |
| |
Ex. Goose-bill Lamp-shell (Lingula). |
| CLASS IV. | LAMELLIBRANCHIATA ("Bivalves"). |
| |
Ex. Oyster (Ostrea), Mussel (Mytilus),
Scallop (Pecten), Cockle (Cardium). |
| CLASS V. | GASTEROPODA ("Univalves"). |
| |
Ex. Whelks (Buccinum), Limpets
(Patella), Sea-slugs** (Doris), Land-snails
(Helix). |
| CLASS VI. | PTEROPODA ("Winged Snails"). |
| |
Ex. Hyalea, Cleodora. |
| CLASS VII. | CEPHALOPODA ("Cuttle-fishes"). |
| |
Ex. Calamary (Loligo), Poulpe (Octopus),
Paper Nautilus (Arganauta), Pearly Nautilus
(Nautilus), Belemnites,* Orthoceratites,*
Ammonites.* |
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS.
SUB-KINGDOM VI.—VERTEBRATA.
Body composed of definite segments arranged longitudinally one
behind the other; main masses of the nervous system placed dorsally;
a backbone or "vertebral column" in the majority.
| CLASS I. | PISCES ("Fishes"). |
| |
Ex. Lancelet** (Amphioxus); Lampreys and Hag-fishes
(Marsipobranchii**); Herring, Salmon, Perch, &c.
(Teleostei or "Bony Fishes"); Gar-pike, Sturgeon, &c.
(Ganoidei); Sharks, Dog-fishes, Rays, &c.
(Elasmobranchii or "Placoids"). |
| CLASS II. | AMPHIBIA ("Amphibians"). |
| |
Ex. Labyrinthodontia,* Cæcilians,** Newts and
Salamanders (Urodela), Frogs and Toads (Anoura). |
| CLASS III. | REPTILIA ("Reptiles"). |
| |
Ex. Deinosauria,* Pterosauria,* Anomodontia,*
Plesiosaurs (Sauropterygia*), Ichthyosaurs
(Ichthyopterygia*), Tortoises and Turtles (Chelonia),
Snakes (Ophidia), Lizards (Lacertilia), Crocodiles
(Crocodilia). |
| CLASS IV. | AVES ("Birds"). |
| |
Ex. Toothed Birds (Odontornithes*); Lizard-tailed
Birds (Archœopteryx*); Ducks, Geese, Gulls, &c.
(Natatores); Storks, Herons, Snipes, Plovers, &c.
(Grallatores); Ostrich, Emeu, Cassowary, Dinornis,*
Æpiornis,* &c. (Cursores); Fowls, Game Birds, and
Doves (Rasores); Cuckoos, Woodpeckers, Parrots, &c.
(Scansores); Crows, Starlings, Finches, Hummingbirds,
Swallows, &c. (Insessores); Owls, Hawks, Eagles, Vultures
(Raptores). |
| CLASS V. |
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MAMMALIA ("Quadrupeds"). |
| |
Ex. Duck-mole and Spiny Ant-eater
(Monotremata**); Kangaroos, Phalangers, Opossums,
Tasmanian Devil, &c. (Marsupialia); Sloths, Ant-eaters,
Armadillos (Edentata); Manatees and Dugongs
(Sirenia); Whales, Dolphins, Porpoises (Cetacea);
Rhinoceros, Tapir, Horses, Hippopotamus, Pigs, Camels and
Llamas, Giraffes, Deer, Antelopes, Sheep, Goats, Oxen
(Ungulata); Hyrax (Hyracoidea**); Elephants,
Mastodon,* Deinotherium* (Proboscidea); Seals,
Walrus, Bears, Dogs, Wolves, Cats, Lions, Tigers, &c.
(Carnivora); Hares, Rabbits, Porcupines, Beavers,
Rats, Mice, Lemmings, Squirrels, Marmots, &c. (Rodentia);
Bats (Cheiroptera); Moles, Shrew-mice, Hedgehogs
(Insectivora); Lemurs, Spider-monkeys, Macaques,
Baboons, Apes (Quadrumana); Man (Bimana). |
|
